{"id":17,"date":"2022-09-04T23:18:26","date_gmt":"2022-09-04T23:18:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/?p=17"},"modified":"2024-01-26T23:23:18","modified_gmt":"2024-01-26T23:23:18","slug":"calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/","title":{"rendered":"Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) in PHP"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tutorial-main\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mi><\/mi><\/math>In this guide, we\u2019ll show you how to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of a series of future cashflows using a PHP script.<br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/#PHP_Net_Present_Value_Overview\" title=\"PHP Net Present Value Overview\">PHP Net Present Value Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/#PHP_Net_Present_Value_of_a_series_of_yearly_cashflows\" title=\"PHP Net Present Value of a series of yearly cashflows\">PHP Net Present Value of a series of yearly cashflows<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/#PHP_NPV_of_a_series_of_cashflows_at_different_times\" title=\"PHP NPV of a series of cashflows at different times\">PHP NPV of a series of cashflows at different times<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/#Wrap_Up\" title=\"Wrap Up\">Wrap Up<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"net-present-value-overview\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PHP_Net_Present_Value_Overview\"><\/span>PHP Net Present Value Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Using a little financial maths, we find the Net Present Value of a cashflow \\(X\\) at future time, \\(t\\), and interest rate \\(i\\) by: $$NPV=\\frac{X}{(1+i)^t}$$<\/p>\n<p>So, for example, the NPV of a payment of $100 in 2 years\u2019 time with an (annually compounding) interest rate of 5% can be found using the above formula with the following values:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(X = 100\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(t = 2\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(i = 0.05\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So we have: $$PV = \\frac{100}{1.05^2} = 90.70$$<\/p>\n<p>This reflects the idea of compound interest where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>$90.70 invested now would earn interest at 5% in the first year to grow to\u00a0\\(90.70 \\times 1.05 = 95.24\\) after one year.<\/li>\n<li>Then if left invested, both the original amount and the first year\u2019s interest would earn interest in a second year. This causes it to grow to \\(95.24 \\times 1.05 = 100\\).<\/li>\n<li>We could also have verified this by:\u00a0\\(90.70 \\times 1.05^2 = 100\\).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So if we can invest $90.70 now, at 5% interest, it would grow to $100 in 2 years\u2019 time. Thus we say that $90.70 is the\u00a0<em>present value<\/em>\u00a0of $100 in 2 years\u2019 time.<\/p>\n<p>We can implement this in PHP using the following simple script. Note we use the\u00a0<code>pow(base, exp)<\/code>\u00a0function to raise one number (the\u00a0<em>base<\/em>) to the power of another (the\u00a0<em>exponent<\/em>). For further details see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.php.net\/manual\/en\/function.pow.php\">PHP manual page for the pow function<\/a>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"php\">&lt;?php\r\n$x = 100;\r\n$i = 0.05;\r\n$t = 2;\r\n$npv = $x \/ pow(1+$i, $t);\r\necho $npv; \/\/ Output: 90.702947845805\r\n?&gt;<\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"npv-of-a-series-of-yearly-cashflows\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PHP_Net_Present_Value_of_a_series_of_yearly_cashflows\"><\/span>PHP Net Present Value of a series of yearly cashflows<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Expanding on the above, suppose we have cashflows\u00a0\\(X_1, X_2, &#8230;, X_n\\) paid at yearly intervals, starting immediately, and that the interest rate is still 5%. We can calculate the NPV of all cashflows by calculating the present value of each one individually, then adding them all up.<br \/>\n$$NPV = \\sum_{t=1}^{n}{\\frac{X_t}{(1+i)^t}}$$<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ll build a function to do this in PHP:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">&lt;?php\r\nfunction npv($cashflows, $intRate)\r\n{\r\n  $npv = 0;\r\n  $year = 0; \/\/ First cashflow at time 0\r\n  foreach($cashflows as $cf) {\r\n    $npv += $cf \/ pow(1 + $intRate, $year);\r\n    $year++;\r\n  }\r\n  return($npv);\r\n}\r\n\r\n$test_cf = [-100, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50];\r\necho npv($test_cf, 0.05); \/\/ Output: 25.663934364013\r\n?&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Breaking it down, this function takes arguments\u00a0<code>$cashflows<\/code>\u00a0&#8211; an array of cashflows &#8211; and\u00a0<code>$intRate<\/code>\u00a0&#8211; the interest rate at which to value the cashflows. It does the following calculation steps:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a variable\u00a0<code>$npv<\/code>\u00a0to keep track of the running total, which we initialise to zero.<\/li>\n<li>Loop through the\u00a0<code>$cashflows<\/code>\u00a0array, calculating the present value of each using the formula above, and adding that to the total,\u00a0<code>$npv<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Return the value\u00a0<code>$npv<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"npv-of-a-series-of-cashflows-at-different-times\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PHP_NPV_of_a_series_of_cashflows_at_different_times\"><\/span>PHP NPV of a series of cashflows at different times<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Suppose the cashflows you\u2019re interested in don\u2019t occur at exactly yearly intervals, but at various other points in the future. It\u2019s simple to adjust the above example to cope with this, and we can just add an extra array\u00a0<code class=\"highlighter-rouge\">$times<\/code>\u00a0as an argument to the function, and use this when calculating the present value of each cashflow.<\/p>\n<p>We use this function to replicate the result of our\u00a0<code class=\"highlighter-rouge\">npv()<\/code> function created above, and then to calculate the NPV with different timings.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"php\">&lt;?php\r\nfunction npv_times($cashflows, $times, $intRate)\r\n{\r\n  $npv = 0;\r\n  $i = 0;\r\n  foreach($cashflows as $cf) {\r\n    $year = $times[$i];\r\n    $npv += $cf \/ pow(1 + $intRate, $year);\r\n    $i++;\r\n  }\r\n  return($npv);\r\n}\r\n\r\n$test_cf = [-100, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50];\r\n$test_times = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\r\necho npv_times($test_cf, $test_times, 0.05); \/\/ Output: 25.663934364013\r\n\r\n$test_times2 = [0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9];\r\necho npv_times($test_cf, $test_times2, 0.05); \/\/ Output: 10.677272151561\r\n?&gt;<\/pre>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wrap_Up\"><\/span>Wrap Up<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In this article, we&#8217;ve shown you how to calculate net present values using PHP in three cases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A simple case with just two future payments.<\/li>\n<li>PHP Net present value of a series of annual cashflows.<\/li>\n<li>Net present value of a series of annual cashflows at specified times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hope this helps. As always if you have any comments please add them in the comments box below.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this guide, we\u2019ll show you how to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of a series of future cashflows using a PHP script.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.9.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) in PHP - Tiposaurus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this guide, we\u2019ll show you how to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of a series of future cashflows using a PHP script.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-net-present-value-npv-in-php\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) in PHP - 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NPV calculates the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a certain period. A positive\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Excel&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Excel","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/archive\/excel\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":47,"url":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/exponent-in-php\/","url_meta":{"origin":17,"position":1},"title":"Raise a Number to a Power in PHP","author":"Steven","date":"September 14, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"You might need to raise a number to the power of another (the exponent) in a PHP script, for example \\(2^3=2\u00d72\u00d72\\) (sometimes written \\(2^3\\)), or in general \\(x^n\\). This may also be used with negative powers where \\(x^{\u2212n}=\\frac{1}{x^n}\\). Of course, you'd probably want to do this for more complicated examples!\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;PHP&quot;","block_context":{"text":"PHP","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/archive\/php\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":133,"url":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/5-excel-formulas-every-finance-professional-should-know\/","url_meta":{"origin":17,"position":2},"title":"5 Excel Formulas Every Finance Professional Should Know","author":"Steven","date":"April 10, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The Importance of Excel in Finance As a finance professional, you already know that Excel is an essential tool in your day-to-day work. It's a powerful software that allows for efficient data manipulation, analysis, and reporting. The true magic of Excel lies in its formulas, which can help you automate\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Functions&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Functions","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/functions\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":134,"url":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/excel-tips-and-tricks-for-financial-modeling\/","url_meta":{"origin":17,"position":3},"title":"Excel Tips and Tricks for Financial Modeling","author":"Steven","date":"April 10, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Financial modeling is an essential skill for finance professionals, allowing them to project financial performance, evaluate investment opportunities, and make informed decisions. Microsoft Excel is the go-to software for building financial models, thanks to its flexibility, functionality, and ease of use. In this blog post, we'll share tips and tricks\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Excel&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Excel","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/archive\/excel\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":38,"url":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/calculate-square-roots-in-php\/","url_meta":{"origin":17,"position":4},"title":"Calculate Square Roots in PHP","author":"Steven","date":"September 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"To find the nth root of a number in PHP, we can use the pow(base, power) function, for example the cube root of 27 is equal to 27 raised to the power of 1\/3, \\(\\sqrt[3]{27} = 27^{1\/3}\\), since \\(3^3=27\\). In general the nth root of x, \\(\\sqrt[n]{x}=x^{1\/n}\\). To calculate the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;PHP&quot;","block_context":{"text":"PHP","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/archive\/php\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":82,"url":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/generate-a-month-calendar-in-php\/","url_meta":{"origin":17,"position":5},"title":"Generate a Month Calendar in PHP","author":"Steven","date":"March 22, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"This article shows you how to display a calendar for a given month, mainly using PHP's date() function. The date() function The date() function displays the date in your desired format, at a given time. It works by accepting one or two parameters, the first is a string with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;PHP&quot;","block_context":{"text":"PHP","link":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/category\/archive\/php\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/output-248x300.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions\/37"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tiposaurus.co.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}